This is a review of the use of colloid and crystalloid in shock. The article discusses the pathophysiological consequences of ischaemia and shock; reviews the underlying physiology of fluid compartments and how they may be affected by disease; examines the physiological determinants of intravenous (IV) fluid use; and finally reviews the literature on colloid and crystalloid use for the management of shock.

AIM: To document the incidence of airway accidents in the Intensive Care Unit, and to identify the difference in accident rates between short term and long term intubated patients, and between endotracheal intubation and tracheostomy. DESIGN: Prospective, observational non-interventional study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All adult patients with either an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy were divided into two groups: intubation for 24 hours, {Long-term intubation/ LTI}. The number of tube days (TDs) were calculated from the day of intubation till the day of extubation, discharge or death. The following airway accidents were noted: blocked tube (BT), unplanned extubations (UE), endobronchial intubation (EBI), kinked tube and leaking cuff. RESULTS: 781 patients (1440 tube days) were studied. 665 patients (951 tube days) required an endotracheal tube. 116 patients (489 tube days) had a tracheostomy. 697 patients (697 tube days) required STI while 84 patients (743 tube days) required LTI. Overall there were 55 airway accidents with an incidence of 7.04% of patients and 3.82 / 100 tube days. The airway accident rate was 4.02 / 100 TD's and 3.63/ 100 TD's for STI and LTI, respectively, and 4.21 / 100 TD's and 3.07 /100 TD's for endotracheal intuibation and tracheostomy, respectively. Blocked tubes (2.15 per 100 TD's) and Unplanned extubations (1.32 per 100 TD's) were the most common airway accidents. CONCLUSION: The overall incidence of airway accidents was 3.82/ 100 TD's and 7.04% of patients with no significant difference between STI vs. LTI and endotracheal tube vs. tracheostomy.

Acute Colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) is common occurrence in both the ICU and long-term acute care units. If not treated in time, it may lead to Colonic perforation or ischemia. Recent report showed that intravenous neostigmine, an acetylcholienastrase inhibitor, produces rapid colonic decompression in patients with acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO). We report four cases of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction in critical care unit and the response of neostigmine therapy.