ORIGINAL RESEARCH |
https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23762 |
Correlation of PaCO2 and ETCO2 in COPD Patients with Exacerbation on Mechanical Ventilation
1–5Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India
Corresponding Author: Dhruva Chaudhry, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India, Phone: +91 9411051616, +91 9991101616, e-mail: dhruvachaudhry@yahoo.co.in
How to cite this article: Tyagi D, Govindagoudar MB, Jakka S, Chandra S, Chaudhry D. Correlation of PaCO2 and ETCO2 in COPD Patients with Exacerbation on Mechanical Ventilation. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(3):305–309.
Source of support: Nil
Conflict of interest: None
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients in hypercapnic respiratory failure require multiple arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis for monitoring. It is a painful, invasive, and expensive investigation. This study was aimed at finding an agreement between end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2, a noninvasive modality) and arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in COPD patients with acute exacerbation on mechanical ventilation.
Materials and methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in COPD patients who required mechanical ventilation. ETCO2 was recorded by mainstream capnography along with ABG analysis. An agreement between PaCO2 and ETCO2 was assessed. The effect of various factors on correlation was also studied.
Results: A total of 100 patients with COPD in hypercapnic respiratory failure were included. Seventy-three percentage of patients were managed on invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The mean ETCO2 and PaCO2 were 48.66 ± 15.57 mm Hg and 75.52 ± 21.9 mm Hg, respectively. There was a significant correlation between PaCO2 and ETCO2 values (r = 0.82, 95% confidence interval of r = 0.78–0.86, p <0.0001). The Bland-Altman analysis shows the mean bias as -19.4 (95% limits of agreement = -40.0–1.1). Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.84 in intubated patients and 0.58 in patients on noninvasive ventilation (NIV). Pearson's correlation coefficient between PaCO2 and ETCO2 in subjects with consolidation, cardiomegaly, hypotension, and raised pulmonary artery pressures was 0.78, 0.86, 0.85, and 0.86, respectively.
Conclusion: Mainstream ETCO2 measurement accurately predicts the PaCO2 in COPD patients on IMV. However, for patients on NIV, ETCO2 is insufficient in monitoring PaCO2 levels due to weak correlation.
Clinical significance: ETCO2 can be used as a noninvasive modality in intensive care unit for monitoring the PaCO2 in COPD patients on IMV. This can reduce the requirement of arterial blood sampling to a minimum number, in turn, reducing the cost of the treatment and discomfort to the patients.
Keywords: Arterial carbon dioxide, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, End-tidal carbon dioxide, Mechanical ventilation.
INTRODUCTION
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are defined as acute worsening of symptoms beyond the day-to-day variability that result in additional therapy.1 The frequency of hypercapnic respiratory failure in patients with COPD is around 20% with an overall mortality of 12% during index admission and may increase to 33% if respiratory acidosis develops after hospitalization.2,3 COPD patients presenting in respiratory failure are managed with mechanical ventilation either through a noninvasive ventilation (NIV) mask or through an endotracheal tube. Multiple arterial blood gases (ABG) are recommended in all COPD patients with acute exacerbation, for monitoring oxygenation, ventilation, and acid-base status. As arterial puncture is painful, there is less patient acceptability for this procedure. An arterial puncture may predispose the patient to develop complications like arterial injury, thrombosis with distal ischemia, hemorrhage, aneurysm formation, median nerve damage, and rarely reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Although venous blood gas analysis has replaced ABG in patients with metabolic disorders, it cannot assess the carbon dioxide (CO2) levels (ventilation status) correctly in pulmonary disorders. The use of less-invasive techniques to assess the ventilation status of the COPD patients has been a topic of interest.
End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2, measured by capnography) is the noninvasive measurement of the partial pressure of CO2 in the expiratory gases at the end of exhalation. The ETCO2 value approximates the PaCO2 level and is displayed on the monitor in mm Hg. The ETCO2 values are expected to be 3–8 mm Hg lower than the normal ABG values of 35–45 mm Hg. The importance of ETCO2 in diagnosing metabolic acid–base disorders in adult patients has been well established.4–8 The purpose of this study is to find an agreement between ETCO2 and PaCO2 in COPD patients presenting with acute exacerbation and to determine whether ETCO2, a noninvasive method, can replace ABG for the assessment of ventilation status of COPD patients. Such a correlation would help in minimizing the cost of management and the need of frequent arterial punctures for the collection of blood.
METHODS
COPD patients with acute exacerbation who were admitted for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and NIV in an intensive care unit (ICU) and high dependency unit (HDU) of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department, PGIMS, Rohtak, India, from March 2017 to February 2018 were considered for this prospective observational study. A written informed consent was obtained. Patients with coexistent interstitial lung disease, tuberculosis in the present or past, pulmonary embolism, chest deformity (e.g., kyphoscoliosis), neurological disease, or history of chest trauma were excluded. Then, 0.5–1 mL of blood from radial arteries was collected in preheparinized plastic syringe with 24G needle. A minimum of three samples were analyzed per patient. The first sample was taken immediately at the time of admission to ICU on mechanical ventilation, and the next two samples were taken at the point of 2 hours and 4 hours from the time of admission. The samples were analyzed immediately after collection using the blood gas analyzer (COMBILINE Eschweilers, CL-2022). The blood gas analyzer was calibrated as per the manufacturer's recommendations.
ETCO2 was measured by Nihon Kohden LifeScope VS BSM-3000 series bedside monitors, using mainstream adaptors. TG-920P CO2 sensor kit has two types of adapters (airway or nasal) that can be connected to the patient's respiratory circuit (intubated patients) or directly to the patient's nostrils (in nonintubated patients). CO2 sensor kit is then connected to the monitor. Using TG-920P CO2 sensor kit, measurements assumed that no CO2 gas was present during the inspiration. ETCO2 was measured at the same time of taking arterial blood samples.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were represented as mean and standard deviations, whereas the categorical variables were represented in percentages. The linear correlation between ETCO2 and PaCO2 was performed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. An agreement between ETCO2 and PaCO2 was assessed using the Bland–Altman method. A p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
RESULTS
A total of 125 cases of COPD with acute exacerbation requiring IMV or NIV were enrolled. Twenty-five cases were excluded as per exclusion criteria (18 patients had a history of tuberculosis, three had kyphoscoliosis, two presented with chest trauma, one had pulmonary embolism). Demographic characteristics of the patients are described in Table 1. The patient population consisted of 70% males and 30% females. The mean age of the subjects was 60.51 ± 9.2 years with a range between 40 and 85 years. Forty-five percentage of patients were active tobacco smokers, 29% of patients were ex-smokers, 52.7% of patients were heavy smokers, 33.7% of patients were moderate smokers, and 13.5% of patients were light smokers. Among the patients with biomass smoke exposure, 14 (46.7%) patients had severe exposure, 10 (33.3%) patients had moderate exposure, and 6 patients (20%) had mild exposure. The mean ETCO2 and PaCO2 were 48.66 ± 15.57 mm Hg and 75.52 ± 21.9 mm Hg, respectively. There was a significant correlation between PaCO2 and ETCO2 values (r = 0.82, 95% confidence interval of r = 0.78–0.86, p <0.0001) (Fig. 1). The Bland-Altman analysis showed the mean bias as -19.4 (95% limits of agreement = -40.0–1.1) (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1: Scatter plot showing a strong correlation between arterial and end-tidal carbon dioxide (r = 0.82)
Fig. 2: Bland.Altman plot for arterial and end-tidal carbon dioxide showing good agreement (mean bias = −19.4, 95% limits of agreement = −40.0−1.1)
| 1. | Age, mean (years ± SD) | 60.51 ± 9.2 | |
| Age-groups, no. (%) | ≤40 | 1 (1) | |
| 41–50 | 15 (15) | ||
| 51–60 | 39 (39) | ||
| 61–70 | 34 (34) | ||
| 71–80 | 9 (9) | ||
| >80 | 2 (2) | ||
| 2. | Gender, no. (%) | Males | 70 (70) |
| Females | 30 (30) | ||
| 3. | Comorbidities, no. (%) | 47 (47) | |
| Hypertension | 20 (42.6) | ||
| Ischemic heart disease | 12 (25.5) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 12 (25.5) | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 9 (19.1) | ||
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 4 (8.5) | ||
| History of cerebrovascular accident | 3 (6.4) | ||
| Alcoholic liver disease | 1 (2.1) | ||
| 4. | Smoking status, no. (%) | 100 (100) | |
| Current tobacco smokers | 45 (45) | ||
| Ex-smokers | 29 (29) | ||
| Biomass smoke exposure | 30 (30) | ||
| 5. | Severity of smoking in tobacco smokers | Light smokers (SI =100) | 10 (13.5) |
| Moderate smokers (SI = 101–300) | 25 (33.7) | ||
| Heavy smokers (SI =300) | 39 (52.7) | ||
| 6. | Severity of biomass smoke exposure | Mild (<30) | 6 (20) |
| Moderate (31–60) | 10 (33.3) | ||
| Heavy (>60) | 14 (46.7) | ||
| 7. | Occupation | Farmer | 29 (29) |
| Housewife | 29 (29) | ||
| Desk job | 20 (20) | ||
| Laborer | 10 (10) | ||
| Shopkeeper | 5 (5) | ||
| Retired army personnel | 3 (3) | ||
| Teacher | 1 (1) | ||
| Tailor | 1 (1) | ||
| Electrician | 1 (1) | ||
| Driver | 1 (1) | ||
| 8. | Mode of ventilation | Invasive | 73 (73) |
| Noninvasive | 27 (27) | ||
| 9. | Chest radiology | Bilateral hyperinflation | 100 (100) |
| Consolidation | 13 (13) | ||
| Cardiomegaly | 11 (11) | ||
| Pleural effusion | 1 (1) | ||
| 10. | Blood pressure | Normotensive | 83 (83) |
| Hypotensive | 17 (17) | ||
| 11. | Pulmonary hypertension | Present | 32 (32) |
| Absent | 68 (68) |
The total number of patients managed through IMV was 73 (73%). Mean PaCO2 and ETCO2 in patients on IMV were 80.38 ± 38 mm Hg and 61.16 ± 16.92 mm Hg, whereas the mean PaCO2 and ETCO2 in patients on NIV were 54.96 ± 8.23 mm Hg and 34.96 ± 7.06 mm Hg. Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.84 (strong and statistically significant) in intubated patients and 0.58 (weak correlation) in patients on NIV (Fig. 3). On radiological evaluation, bilateral hyperinflation was present in 100% of patients followed by consolidation in 13% of patients. Seventeen patients (17%) were hypotensive and received vasopressors and inotropic support. Thirty-two patients (32%) had pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pearson's correlation coefficient between PaCO2 and ETCO2 in subjects with consolidation, cardiomegaly, hypotension, and raised pulmonary artery pressures was 0.78, 0.86, 0.85, and 0.86, respectively.
Figs 3A and B: Effect of type of mechanical ventilation (invasive vs noninvasive) on correlation of arterial and end-tidal carbon dioxide
DISCUSSION
COPD patients with respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation (invasive or noninvasive) have to undergo multiple ABG analysis for the assessment of oxygenation, ventilation, and acid-base status. Previous studies have found a good correlation between venous and arterial values of pH and HCO3-.9 Oxygenation can be easily assessed by noninvasive pulse oximetry. Ventilation status in the COPD patients is determined by the PaCO2 levels. As both ABG and VBG are invasive procedures, we explored the possibility of using a noninvasive method for blood gas analysis. Considering the fact that the value of CO2 may guide the therapy and assess possible improvements, we tried to establish a correlation between PaCO2 and ETCO2 (a noninvasive modality) for monitoring hypercapnia.
We found a positive, strong, and statistically significant correlation of 0.82 between PaCO2 and ETCO2 in COPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure on mechanical ventilation. Bland-Altman analysis also showed a good agreement between the two variables. We also derived the linear regression equation for the calculation of PaCO2 from ETCO2. Although the importance of ETCO2 in diagnosing metabolic acid–base disorders has been well established, patients with pulmonary diseases having a shunt or mismatch of ventilation and perfusion showed variable results. The majority of research in this field has been done in nonintubated patients in the emergency department. Most of them have used sidestream capnography to measure ETCO2. A single study has correlated the PaCO2 and ETCO2 in mechanically ventilated, heterogeneous population of trauma patients and observed a significant correlation between PaCO2 and ETCO2 values (r = 0.89).10 No study has compared PaCO2 and ETCO2 in COPD patients on mechanical ventilation (invasive or noninvasive).
In a study conducted by Yosefy et al., ETCO2 was used to predict PaCO2 levels in patients with respiratory distress in an emergency department.11 Although the patient population was heterogeneous including both COPD (19%) and heart failure patients (75%), they found a good correlation between the two parameters (r = 0.75). A prospective cohort study in patients with acute severe asthma showed a positive concordance between ETCO2 measured by capnography and arterial PaCO2.12 In a pediatric study on nonintubated, moderate-to-severe respiratory distress patients with asthma, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia but excluding chronic pulmonary disease, cardiac disease, and poor tissue perfusion, ETCO2 highly correlated with venous partial CO2 (r = 0.92).13 Kartal et al. measured the ETCO2 using sidestream technique in COPD patients presenting in the emergency department and found only a moderate correlation between PaCO2 and ETCO2 levels, which possibly could be due to measurement by sidestream method.14 However, in a heterogeneous group of emergency patients, Pekdemir et al. did not find any correlation between ETCO2 (measured by both sidestream and mainstream method) and PaCO2. However, their study population was heterogeneous consisting of both patients with and without lung pathology, and measurement errors were noted while recording ETCO2.15
We tried to evaluate the effect of type of mechanical ventilation (invasive vs noninvasive) on the correlation between PaCO2 and ETCO2. Although NIV is currently recommended for the management of patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure secondary to COPD, 73% of subjects were on IMV in our study, possibly because ours is a tertiary care referral center and serves the very sick patients. Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.84 (strong and statistically significant) in intubated patients and 0.58 (weak correlation) in patients on NIV. The reason could be leakage and dead space ventilation in patients on NIV, as the mainstream capnography adaptors are different for intubated and nonintubated patients. Therefore, we concluded that ETCO2 cannot be used to monitor PaCO2 levels in COPD patients on NIV.
We also studied other factors like presence of consolidation, cardiomegaly, hypotension, and raised pulmonary artery pressures, which could affect the blood gases and may affect the correlation between PaCO2 and ETCO2. None of these conditions were found to affect the correlation in a significant manner. Pearson's correlation coefficient between PaCO2 and ETCO2 in subjects with consolidation, cardiomegaly, hypotension, and raised pulmonary artery pressures was 0.78, 0.86, 0.85, and 0.86, respectively. Pekdemir et al. also did not find any effect of different lung pathologies on ETCO2.15 We infer that ETCO2 can be used for monitoring COPD patients on IMV. As not much work has been done in this field, the study requires further evaluation to confirm our findings, preferably in a multicentric blinded study to avoid detection and performance bias.
Limitations of our study were as follows: It was a single-center study and included COPD subjects with coexisting metabolic diseases like diabetes mellitus and acute kidney injury, which affect the metabolic parameters like HCO3- and pH. Another factor could be errors resulting from the functioning of devices, although all the devices used during the study were calibrated by qualified technicians. Performing measurements by a single researcher minimizes the potential for variations that could be caused by many operators. Bias could not be ruled out as the investigator who measured ETCO2 knew the PaCO2 values, although the technician doing ABG analysis was blinded to the PaCO2 results. Lack of a control group as the study was descriptive in nature could have impacted the study results. And lastly, the fact that subgroup analysis was not planned before and was done later from the collected data. The numbers in the noninvasive group were small, which could be the reason for the difference in correlation of coefficient between the two groups, and may be considered a hypothesis-generating point requiring further validation by a larger study.
CONCLUSION
We found a good correlation between PaCO2 and ETCO2 in COPD patients with acute exacerbations on mechanical ventilation. Mainstream ETCO2 measurement accurately predicted the PaCO2 in COPD patients on IMV and was independent of various coexisting confounding factors like consolidation, cardiomegaly, hypotension, and raised pulmonary artery pressures. ETCO2 can be used as a noninvasive modality for monitoring the PaCO2 in COPD patients who are on IMV. It can reduce the frequency of arterial blood sampling, minimizing the discomfort to the patients and reducing the cost of treatment. However, for patients on NIV, ETCO2 is insufficient in monitoring PaCO2 levels due to poor correlation between the two.
ORCID
Diksha Tyagi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2739-6909
Manjunath B Govindagoudar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1010-5191
Sushmitha Jakka https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2865-7499
Sateesh Chandra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0576-7409
Dhruva Chaudhry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5138-2908
REFERENCES
1. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2017 report. Available at: goldcopd.org/archived-reports/.
2. Plant PK, Owen J, Elliott MW. One year period prevalence study of respiratory acidosis in acute exacerbation of COPD; implications for the provision of non-invasive ventilation and oxygen administration. Thorax 2000; 55(7):550–554. DOI: 10.1136/thorax.55.7.550.
3. Roberts CM, Stone RA, Buckingham RJ, Pursey NA, Lowe D. Acidosis, non-invasive ventilation and mortality in hospitalised COPD exacerbations. Thorax 2011;66(1):43–48. DOI: 10.1136/thx.2010.153114.
4. Garcia E, Abramo TJ, Okada P, Guzman DD, Reisch JS, Wiebe RA. Capnometry for noninvasive continuous monitoring of metabolic status in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis. Crit Care Med 2003;31(10):2539–2543. DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000090008.79790.A7.
5. Gilhotra Y, Porter P. Predicting diabetic ketoacidosis in children by measuring end-tidal CO2 via non-invasive nasal capnography. J Paediatr Child Health 2007;43(10):677–680. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01186.x.
6. Fearon DM, Steele DW. End-tidal carbon dioxide predicts the presence and severity of acidosis in children with diabetes. Acad Emerg Med 2002;9(12):1373–1378. DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2002.tb01605.x.
7. Agus MS, Alexander JL, Mantell PA. Continuous non-invasive end-tidal CO2 monitoring in pediatric in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Diabetes 2006;7(4):196–200. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2006.00186.x.
8. Pishbin E, Ahmadi GD, Sharifi MD, Deloei MT, Shamloo AS, Reihani H. The correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide and arterial blood gas parameters in patients evaluated for metabolic acid-base disorders. Electron Physician 2015;7(3):1095–1101. DOI: 10.14661/2015.1095-1101.
9. Bingheng L, Jianxin C, Yu C, Yu Y. Comparison of peripheral venous and arterial blood gas in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD): a meta-analysis. Notfall Rettungsmed 2019;22:620–627. DOI: 10.1007/s10049-018-0469-9.
10. Razi E, Moosavi GA, Omidi K, Saebi AK, Razi A. Correlation of end tidal CO2 and arterial CO2 in mechanically ventilated patients. Arch Trauma Res 2012;1(2):58–62. DOI: 10.5812/atr.6444.
11. Yosefy C, Hay E, Nasri Y, Magen E, Reisin L. End tidal carbon dioxide as a predictor of the arterial PCO2 in the emergency department setting. Emerg Med J 2004;21(5):557–559. DOI: 10.1136/emj.2003.005819.
12. Corbo J, Bijur P, Lahn M, Gallagher EJ. Concordance between capnography and arterial blood gas measurements of carbon dioxide in acute asthma. Ann Emerg Med 2005;46(4):323–327. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.12.005.
13. Moses JM, Alexander JL, Agus MS. The correlation and level of agreement between end-tidal and blood gas pCO2 in children with respiratory distress: a retrospective analysis. BMC Pediatr 2009;9:20. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-9-20.
14. Kartal M, Goksu E, Eray O, Isik S, Sayrac AV, Yigit OE, et al. The value of ETCO2 measurement for COPD patients in the emergency department. Eur J Emerg Med 2011;18(1):9–12. DOI: 10.1097/mej.0b013e328337b9b9
15. Pekdemir M, Cinar O, Yilmaz S, Yaka E, Yuksel M. Disparity between mainstream and sidestream end-tidal carbon dioxide values and arterial carbon dioxide levels. Respir Care 2013;58(7):1152–1156. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.02227.
________________________
© The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and non-commercial reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.