ORIGINAL ARTICLE


https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23848
Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine
Volume 25 | Issue 6 | Year 2021

Clinicoepidemiological Features and Mortality Analysis of Deceased Patients with COVID-19 in a Tertiary Care Center

Richa Aggarwal1, Ridhima Bhatia2, Kshitija Kulshrestha3, Kapil D Soni4, Renjith Viswanath5, Ashutosh K Singh6, Karthik V Iyer7, Puneet Khanna8, Sulagna Bhattacharjee9, Nishant Patel10, Ajisha Aravindan11, Anju Gupta12, Yudhyavir Singh13, Venkata Ganesh14, Rakesh Kumar15, Arshed Ayub16, Shailender Kumar17, Kellika Prakash18, Vineeta Venkateswaran19, Debesh Bhoi20, Manish Soneja21, Purva Mathur22, Rajesh Malhotra23, Naveet Wig24, Randeep Guleria25, Anjan Trikha26

1,3Critical and Intensive Care, JPN Apex Trauma Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

2,5-20,26Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care , AIIMS, New Delhi, India

21,24Department of Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

22Department of Laboratory Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

23Department of Orthopaedics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

25Department of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT

Background and objective: A large number of studies describing the clinicoepidemiological features of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients are available but very few studies have documented similar features of the deceased. This study was aimed to describe the clinicoepidemiological features and the causes of mortality of COVID-19 deceased patients admitted in a dedicated COVID center in India.

Methodology: This was a retrospective study done in adult deceased patients admitted in COVID ICU from April 4 to July 24, 2020. The clinical features, comorbidities, complications, and causes of mortality in these patients were analyzed. Pediatric deceased were analyzed separately.

Results: A total of 654 adult patients were admitted in the ICU during the study period and ICU mortality was 37.7% (247/654). Among the adult deceased, 65.9% were males with a median age of 56 years [interquartile range (IQR), 41.5–65] and 94.74% had one or more comorbidities, most common being hypertension (43.3%), diabetes mellitus (34.8%), and chronic kidney disease (20.6%). The most common presenting features in these deceased were fever (75.7%), cough (68.8%), and shortness of breath (67.6%). The mean initial sequential organ failure assessment score was 9.3 ± 4.7 and 24.2% were already intubated at the time of admission. The median duration of hospital stay was 6 days (IQR, 3–11). The most common cause of death was sepsis with multi-organ failure (55.1%) followed by severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (25.5%). All pediatric deceased had comorbid conditions and the most common cause of death in this group was severe ARDS.

Conclusion: In this cohort of adult deceased, most were young males with age less than 65 years with one or more comorbidities, hypertension being the most common. Only 5% of the deceased had no comorbidities. Sepsis with multi-organ dysfunction syndrome was the most common cause of death.

Keywords: Clinicoepidemiological features, Comorbidities, COVID-19 deceased, ICU, Mortality analysis, Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome.

Corresponding Author: Richa Aggarwal, Critical and Intensive Care, JPN Apex Trauma Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi, India, Phone: +91 9873731042, e-mail: pathakricha@yahoo.co.in

How to cite this article: Aggarwal R, Bhatia R, Kulshrestha K, Soni KD, Viswanath R, Singh AK, et al. Clinicoepidemiological Features and Mortality Analysis of Deceased Patients with COVID-19 in a Tertiary Care Center. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021; 25(6):622–628.

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

INTRODUCTION

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) emerged in China in December 2019 and engulfed the whole world in a very short period of time. Worldwide till now around 95 million patients have been infected and there have been more than 2 million deaths. India is also severely affected. It has infected more than 10 million people in India and has led to more than 1.5 lakh deaths till now.1

The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 is varied, ranging from asymptomatic carriers to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) profiles, multi-organ involvement, and death.2 Nearly 14–15% of patients develop severe disease and 5% become critically ill.3 Earlier thought to be primarily affecting the pulmonary system, a number of symptoms related to other organ systems have been widely recognized as initial presenting features of COVID-19 infection.4,5 These extrapulmonary manifestations can lead to complications and increase morbidity. The prevalence of mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 disease varies from 6.3 to 26.85% in different parts of the world.6 Various studies have looked into and analyzed the risk factors for severe disease and predictors of mortality.7,8 However, studies regarding the clinicoepidemiological features of the deceased and causes of mortality are sparse. Some studies of COVID-19 related mortalities from US, China, Italy, and Spain are available;9-17 however, such descriptive study has not been done from Indian subcontinent so far. This study was aimed to describe the clinicoepidemiological features and the causes of mortality of COVID-19 deceased patients admitted in our hospital during the initial period of the pandemic spread in the country from April to July.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a retrospective study conducted in the COVID center of AIIMS, New Delhi, after approval from the institutional ethics committee. This study analyzed data of patients who died in the course of treatment in the ICU of COVID-19 center during the study period between April 4 and July 24, 2020. All the patients admitted to the center were moderate to severe confirmed COVID-19 patients whose real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay findings for nasal or pharyngeal swab specimens were positive. Mild cases were admitted in different centers. Criteria for ICU admission were patients with severe disease i.e., tachypnea with respiratory rate greater than 30/minute or SpO2 less than 90% on room air, patient with hemodynamic instability, encephalopathy or patients with moderate disease who had risk factors for severe disease.

Data Collection

Data related to demography and clinical course of all the patients who died in the ICU during the study period was collected from their electronic medical records, patients’ daily progress charts, and nursing notes. Patients’ age, sex, comorbidities, complaints at the time of presentation, complications during treatment, duration of hospital stay, and cause of death were noted and analyzed. Data regarding adult and pediatric deceased were analyzed separately. Adult patients were further divided into age-groups of 18 to 50, 51 to 65, and more than 65 years and their clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared.

Statistical Analysis

The data were summarized and analyzed using STATA (Version 14.0) software and expressed as mean ± SD/Median (min, max) and numbers and percentages as appropriate to describe the patient’s demographic and clinical characteristics. Wilcoxon–Ranksum test was used to compare the non-normal quantitative values while chi-square/Fisher’s exact test was applied for association between categorical variables and for comparison between stratified age-groups. Kruskal–Wallis was used to see the difference in age-groups for the days of stay followed by multiple comparison tests between the groups. A value of p less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant in the study.

RESULTS

During the study period, a total of 1,420 patients (adult and pediatric) were admitted in the center. The deaths of adults and pediatric age-groups were analyzed separately.

Adult Fatalities

There were 654 adult admissions in the ICU during the study period out of which 247 died. The ICU mortality for adults was 37.7% (247/654).

Among the adult patients who did not survive, the youngest was 18 years old and the eldest was 97 years old. The median age was 56 years [interquartile range (IQR), 41.5–65] and most of them were males (65.9%). Age distribution of adults in various age-groups is given in Table 1.

Table 1: Clinical characteristics of study patients
Characteristics Patients
Age median (IQR) (years) 56 (41.5-65)
Age distribution (years) No. (%)
18–50 104/247 (42.1)
51–65 86/247 (34.8)
More than 65 57/247 (23.1)
Male sex (%) 163/247 (65.9)
Comorbidities No. of patients (%)
Hypertension 107 (43.3)
Diabetes mellitus 86 (34.8)
Chronic kidney disease 51 (20.6)
Coronary artery disease 40 (16.2)
Malignancy 29 (11.7)
Cerebrovascular event 29 (11.7)
Tuberculosis 21 (8.5)
Chronic liver disease 19 (7.7)
Hypothyroidism 13 (5.3)
Chronic obstructive airway disease 11 (4.5)
Trauma 7 (2.8)
Rheumatic heart disease 5 (2.0)
Others 55 (22.3)
IQR, interquartile range

Most of the adult patients who died (94.74%) had 1 or more comorbidities. Preexisting hypertension was the most frequently seen comorbidity in 107 (43.32%) patients followed by diabetes mellitus in 86 (34.82%) patients and chronic kidney disease in 51 (20.6%) patients. Other comorbidities are tabulated in Table 1. Among the patients with comorbidities, 39% of patients had one comorbidity, 27.5% had two comorbidities, 21% had three, and 6% had more than three comorbidities. The frequency of patients with different numbers of comorbidities is depicted in Figure 1.

Fig. 1: Frequency of patients with different number of comorbidities

Twenty-nine patients had some kind of malignancy, out of which 14 suffered from hematological malignancies and remaining 15 had solid organ tumors. Besides these, other infrequently encountered comorbidities were postrenal transplant, cardiomyopathy, cholelithiasis, complete heart block with pacemaker in situ, HIV, ulcerative colitis, sarcoidosis, interstitial lung disease, liver abscess, aspergilloma, shoulder abscess, peripheral vascular disease, parkinsonism, corrosive ingestion, mesenteric ischemia, dementia, depression, aplastic anemia, cervical spondylosis, systemic sclerosis, ulnar, and subclavian artery thrombosis.

The most common presenting symptom among deceased was fever (75.7%) followed by cough (68.8%), shortness of breath (67.6%), and altered sensorium (19.8%) as shown in Table 2. Besides these, other patients presented with chest pain, abdominal pain or distension, generalized weakness, diarrhea, and headache. Approximately 20% of patients presented with nonspecific complaints including myalgia, decreased urine output, jaundice, upper limb pain, generalized edema, epistaxis, and joint pain.

Table 2: Distribution of presenting complaints
Presenting complaints No. (%)
Fever 187 (75.7)
Cough 170 (68.8)
Shortness of breath 167 (67.6)
Altered sensorium 49 (19.8)
Chest pain 13 (5.3)
Abdominal pain/distension 12 (4.9)
Weakness 6 (2.4)
Diarrhea 6 (2.4)
Headache 4 (1.6)
Others 50 (20.2)

The patients had varying degrees of severity of illness. The initial sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score was calculated for 232 deceased, the data were missing for 15 patients. The mean SOFA score was 9.3 with a standard deviation of 4.07. The initial SOFA score was significantly higher in males as compared to females (p = 0.03). Out of 247 deceased, 60 patients were received intubated in our center from the screening area. Patients were given treatment according to the institutional protocol. The patients were initially managed on oxygen by facemask and then as the oxygen requirement increased, they were managed on high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) before invasive ventilation as per SCCM guidelines. Seventy-five patients were intubated in the first 24 hours of admission. The number of patients who received HFNC and NIV are mentioned in Table 3. As the disease advanced, many patients developed multisystem involvement. However, the predominant system involved due to COVID was the respiratory system in 66% of the patients followed by the neurological system and cardiovascular system. One twenty one patients developed acute kidney injury (AKI) and 39 received RRT (Table 3). Repeat SOFA score was calculated on day 4 of admission after 72 hours. Repeat SOFA was available for 133 patients as 99 patients died within 3 days of admission to ICU.

Table 3: SOFA scoring, modes of oxygen therapy given, and renal complications in deceased
ICU parameters Mean (SD) or No. of Patients (%)
Initial SOFA (232 patients) 9.3 (4.07)
SOFA at 72 hrs (133 patients) 10.2 (3.9)
Patients received intubated 60 (24.2)
Patients intubated within first 24 hrs 75 (30.3)
Patients received HFNC 112 (45.3)
Patients received NIV 45 (18.2)
Patients developed AKI 121 (48.9)
Patients received RRT 39 (15.8)
SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula; NIV, noninvasive ventilation; AKI, acute kidney injury; RRT, renal replacement therapy

Duration of Stay and Cause of Death

Among the deceased adults, the median duration of hospital stay was 6 days (IQR, 3–11) with maximum stay of 37 days and minimum of 1 day.

The cause of death was analyzed in all the deceased (Table 4). Sepsis with multi-organ dysfunction remained the leading cause of death (55.1%) followed by severe ARDS (25.5%), cardiogenic shock, intracranial hypertension, and suspected pulmonary embolism.

Table 4: Cause of death
Sl. No. Cause of death Frequency (% of patients)
1 Sepsis with multi organ dysfunction 136 (55.1)
2 Severe ARDS 63 (25.5)
3 Cardiogenic shock 23 (9.3)
4 Stroke/cerebral bleed 17 (6.9)
5 Pulmonary embolism 7 (2.8)
6 Hemorrhage 1 (0.40)
MODS, multi-organ dysfunction syndrome; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome

There were 41 patients who died within 24 hours of admission. Among these, 90.24% of them reported a history of one or more comorbidities and majority had respiratory distress at presentation. Most of them were shifted intubated to our center. Four patients received cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the emergency room and were postarrest patients. The cause of death of these patients is depicted in Figure 2.

Fig. 2: Cause of death in patients who died within 24 hours of admission to COVID-19 center. MODS, multi-organ dysfunction; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome

Age-related Analysis

The study patients were stratified into three age-groups (18–50, 51–65, and >65 years) to find out age-related differences in the number of comorbidities, presenting symptoms, duration of illness, and cause of death (Table 5).

Table 5: Characteristics of the patients according to different age-groups
Total admissions in COVID-19 center Age-group (years) p value
Age-group (years) p value
18–50 n (%) 51–65 n (%) >65 n (%)
ICU admissions (% of total ICU admissions) 344 (48.6) 199 (28.1) 111 (15.7) <0.001
ICU mortality (%) 104 (30.2) 86 (43.2) 57 (51.3) <0.001
Sex (male:female) 65:39 57:29 41:16 0.48
Number of comorbidities (% of patients)
0 9 (8.6) 3 (3.5) 1 (1.7)
1 49 (47.1) 32 (37.2) 17 (29.8)
≥ 2 46 (44.2) 51 (59.3) 39 (68.4) 0.024
Presenting complaints (% of patients)
Fever 77 (74.0) 65 (75.6) 45 (78.9) 0.78
Cough 71 (68.3) 56 (65.1) 43 (75.4) 0.42
Breathlessness 67 (64.4) 58 (67.4) 42 (73.7) 0.48
Altered sensorium 21 (20.2) 15 (17.4) 13 (22.8) 0.72
Abdominal pain/distension 6 (5.8) 6 (6.9) 0 (0) 0.11
Chest pain 3 (2.9) 8 (9.3) 2 (3.5) 0.14
Nonspecific symptoms 28 (26.9) 16 (18.6) 6 (10.5) 0.04
Initial SOFA mean (SD) 9.8 (3.9) 9.2 (4.1) 8.4(3.9) 0.86
Patients ventilated within first 24 hrs including patients received intubated 57 (54.8) 51(59.3) 27 (47.3) 0.37
Patients given HFNC 47 (45.1) 35 (40.7) 30 (52.6) 0.37
Patients given NIV 21(20.1) 11 (12.7) 13 (22.8 ) 0.24
Patients developing AKI 51 (49.0) 45 (52.3) 25 (43.8) 0.61
Patients received RRT 20 (19.2) 12 (13.9) 7 ( 12.2) 0.43
Median days of illness (IQR) 5 (2–8) 5 (3–11) 9 (5–13) 0.001
Cause of death
Sepsis with MODS 50 (48.1) 49 (56.9) 37 (64.9)
ARDS 28 (26.9) 22 (25.6) 13 (22.8)
Cardiogenic shock 8 (7.7) 9 (10.5) 6 (10.5)
Stroke, CNS bleed 13 (12.5) 4 (4.6) 0 (0)
Pulmonary embolism 4 (3.8) 2 (2.3) 1 (1.7)
Hemorrhage 1 (0.9) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0.115
SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; HFNC, high flow nasal cannula; NIV, noninvasive ventilation; AKI, acute kidney injury; RRT, renal replacement therapy

In the study cohort, 42.1% of the deceased were in age-group between 18 years and 50 years, 34.8% in age-group 51–65 years, and 23.1% in the group above the age of 65 years. There was no difference in the male-to-female ratio between the three groups. The percentage of deceased having multiple comorbidities (two or more) was significantly higher in the age-group above 65 years as compared to younger age-groups. Multiple comorbidities were seen in 68.4% of patients above the age of 65 years, as compared to 59.3% in age-group 51–65 years and 44.2% in patients in 18–50 years of age.

The most frequent presenting complaints were similar in deceased of all age-groups with no significant difference. Initial SOFA score and percentage of patients given HFNC and NIV, and patients developing AKI were also similar in all the three groups. However, the duration of stay in the hospital was higher in the elderly deceased population. The percentage mortality was significantly higher in the age-group of more than 65 years as compared to other groups. The percentage mortality in different age-groups was 30.2% in age-group between 18 and 50 years, 43.2% in age-group between 51 years and 65 years, and 51.3% in age-group more than 65 years.

Pediatric Fatalities

There were 46 pediatric admissions during the study period and six COVID-19 related deaths, the ICU mortality among the pediatric age-group being 13% (6/46). The age-group of the deceased varied from 6 months to 16 years as depicted in Table 6. All of these patients had comorbidities including congenital heart disease, tubercular meningitis, endocrine disorders, and hematologic malignancies. Mean hospital duration of stay was 4.33 days. Most common cause of death was ARDS followed by sepsis with multi-organ dysfunction.

Table 6: Pediatric patients
Sl. No. Age (years)/sex Presenting symptoms Length of stay in hospital Comorbidities Cause of death
1 0.5/M Fever 2 Cyanotic congenital heart disease ARDS
2 3/M Fever, shortness of breath 7 ALL with CNS metastasis Sepsis
3 13/M Fever, vomiting, hematemesis 1 Aplastic anemia ARDS
4 12/M Shortness of breath 7 DM, Hypothyroid, nephrotic syndrome ARDS
5 15/M Fever, altered sensorium 1 TB meningitis with hydrocephalus Cerebral herniation
6 16/F Fever, cough 8 AML with fungal pneumonia Acute pulmonary hemorrhage
MODS, multi-organ dysfunction syndrome; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; CNS, central nervous system; DM, diabetes mellitus; TB, tuberculosis

DISCUSSION

This study retrospectively analyzed clinicoepidemiological characteristics, course of the disease, and cause of mortality of COVID-19 patients who died in the ICU. Total of 1,420 confirmed COVID-19 patients of all ages were admitted in the COVID center in the study period. Almost half (49.3%) of the hospitalized patients received ICU care during the course of illness. This figure varies from 5 to 46.8% of hospitalized patients in different studies9-11 and is related to the availability of ICU resources in that region.

The ICU mortality of COVID-19 patients varies from 8.0 to 66.7% in different studies.18 In our center, the hospital mortality was 18.2% and ICU mortality was 36.1%. Similar mortality rates have been reported in other studies from US, Spain, Italy, and few studies from China.9,10,16 However, there are other studies from China2 which depict lower overall mortality rates. As the pandemic is evolving and our understanding of the disease is increasing, there has been a steady decline in the mortality rate.19

Approximately 60% of all admitted patients were males in our center. An almost alike proportion of male patients has been documented in all other studies suggesting male predisposition for this disease across various ethnic and racial groups.9,10,15 Similarly, among the deceased adults, 66% were males and among pediatric fatalities, all were males except one.

In our study population of adult deceased, 42.1% were of age-group of 18–50 years, 35% in the age-group 51–64 years, and only about 23% were above 65 years age-group. This was a deviation from the studies from other parts of the world where most of the nonsurvivors were from a much older age-group10,15,20 and could be explained by the majority of the young population in India, the percentage of the elderly population (>60 years) being 6.8%.21 In our study, 95% of the adults deceased and all of the pediatric ones had at least one comorbid condition. Mortality studies from Spain and Italy10,15 have reported a similar incidence of comorbidities in nonsurvivors. However, few other studies11,16 report lesser incidence of comorbidities than ours. In our cohort, hypertension was the most common comorbidity seen followed by DM and CKD. Similarly, worldwide studies have shown hypertension followed by diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular comorbid conditions to be associated with the highest mortality.12,14,22 Role of ACE-2 receptor in entry of SARS-CoV-2 virus into a host cell is one of the proposed reasons for the highest incidence of COVID-19 in hypertensive patients.23

In the present study, the elderly (>65 years old) deceased had more comorbidities than younger deceased suggesting that elderly population with higher number of comorbidities are more susceptible to adverse outcomes following COVID-19 infection, while factors other than number of comorbidities could be a significant variable in younger population.15 Malignancy was seen in 11.74% of patients in our study which was higher than other reported incidences.12,13,16

The most common presenting complaints in our deceased population were fever, cough, and breathlessness similar to the findings of earlier studies.3,24 Few patients initially presented for unrelated diagnoses and then later tested positive for COVID-19. Nonspecific symptoms were significantly more common in younger deceased.

The median initial SOFA score was 9.3 in our study. This was higher as compared to studies from US and China11,25,26 reflecting increased severity of COVID-19 at ICU admission in our cohort. High SOFA scores at ICU admission or their progression over 48 hours have been associated with poor outcome of COVID-19.25,27 Around 24% of our deceased were received intubated from the screening area and another 30% got intubated within the first 24 hours. HFNC was used in 45% of deceased in our study similar to studies from China where HFNC use among nonsurvivors was 21.1 to 41%.11,14 Only 18.2% of patients received NIV in our cohort and even in the published literature, proportion of nonsurvivors receiving noninvasive ventilatory support has been variable.11,14,17 Use of NIV was greater in elderly subgroup of nonsurvivors in other studies16 unlike our study.

The median duration of ICU stay among deceased was 6 days in our study. There was significant variation in median duration of ICU stay reported in other studies ranging from 6 days to 11.5 days.12,16 Elderly deceased (>65 years) had significantly longer average duration of hospital stay of 9 days while younger had average 5 days of stay. However, a study in China on deceased patients28 reported a longer average duration of hospital stay in younger patients. The reason for shorter stay in the younger age-group could be either the patients presented to the hospital late in the disease process or had severe cytokine storm-related multi-organ failure. Ours being a tertiary care center, patients were shifted after deterioration from other hospitals. The incidence of AKI in our study was 48.9 and 15.8% received RRT similar to the study by Ahmed et al. in which AKI incidence was around 10 to 50% in critically ill nonsurvivors and around 10–18.5% received RRT.29

Forty-one patients died within 24 hours of admission to ICU. These patients either had severe illness, coexisting decompensated comorbid illness, or were referred from other hospitals. Some were postarrest patients who collapsed in the emergency room, received CPR, and were revived. These patients were more likely to have a poor prognosis and shorter clinical course in the hospital.

Sepsis with multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) was the most common cause of death in our adult patients followed by severe ARDS and cardiogenic shock. Earlier studies11,24 have also described multi-organ failure as the most common cause of death in the Chinese population while many other studies reported respiratory failure as the leading cause of death.12,13,30 The reduced incidence of respiratory failure among the deceased in our study can be explained on the basis that 95% of our study cohort had one or more comorbidities that already compromised other organs. Moreover, all our severely affected patients were given ICU admissions as there were enough ICU beds available and we were able to give rescue therapies like prone ventilation for severe ARDS patients. Our scenario was different from other studies where many patients were not able to get supportive treatment as the number of patients requiring ICU care overwhelmed their medical system. Other rare causes of death were raised intracranial pressure and suspected pulmonary embolism.

Of all the admitted patients, COVID-19 related mortality was much lower (5.6%) in pediatric age-group compared to adults (18.8%). This correlated with the acknowledged low pediatric mortality rates by other authors.31-33 In pediatric patients, respiratory failure secondary to ARDS was the most common cause of death. Only a few cases of pediatric COVID-19 mortality have been reported in the literature, wherein comorbidities and multi-organ dysfunction are the most common cause.33

Limitations

Ours was a retrospective study done in patients who died in ICU. As only data related to the deceased was studied, it is not possible for us to comment on risk factors for more severe infection or death due to COVID-19. Only deaths till July 24 were included in the study. Patients admitted to the hospital during the study duration could have died later during the illness, which has not been included.

CONCLUSION

In this single-center retrospective study of the deceased, 65.9% of the deceased were males. Most of them (76.8%) were of the age less than 65 years indicative of the majority of young population of India. Nearly all patients had single or multiple comorbidities, most common being hypertension followed by diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. The most common cause was of death was sepsis with MODS followed by ARDS. There were a significant number of patients (16.6%) who presented late in the disease process and died within 24 hours.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We acknowledge Dr. Maroof Khan for statistical analysis of the data for this study.

ORCID

Richa Aggarwal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4531-2759

Ridhima Bhatia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0084-1948

Kshitija Kulshrestha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9652-142X

Kapil D Soni https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1214-4119

Renjith Viswanath https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4198-4256

Ashutosh K Singh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4421-8090

Karthik V Iyer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0832-7433

Puneet Khanna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9243-9963

Sulagna Bhattacharjee https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8671-6875

Nishant Patel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9376-4963

Ajisha Aravindan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1071-8596

Anju Gupta https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-1488

Yudhyavir Singh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5101-7609

Venkata Ganesh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8265-5198

Rakesh Kumar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1539-8264

Arshed Ayub https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8441-2509

Shailender Kumar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1140-5444

Kellika Prakash https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2022-3100

Debesh Bhoi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2047-3115

Manish Soneja https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8619-7929

Purva Mathur https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4429-3688

Rajesh Malhotra https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5971-003X

Naveet Wig https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-601X

Randeep Guleria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4213-0052

Anjan Trikha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6001-8486

REFERENCES

1. Worldometer info. World/Countries/India; 2020. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/india [Accessed on January 17, 2020].

2. Bal A, Agrawal R, Vaideeswar P, Arava S, Jain A. COVID-19: an up-to-date review – from morphology to pathogenesis. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2020;63(3):358–366. DOI: 10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_779_20.

3. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020;323(13):1239–1242. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.2648.

4. Behzad S, Aghaghazvini L, Radmard AR, Gholamrezanezhad A. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19: radiologic and clinical overview. Clin Imaging 2020;66:35–41. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.05.013.

5. Zheng KI, Feng G, Liu WY, Targher G, Byrne CD, Zheng MH. Extrapulmonary complications of COVID-19: a multisystem disease? J Med Virol 2020;10.1002/jmv.26294. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26294.

6. Noor FM, Islam MM. Prevalence and associated risk factors of mortality among COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis. J Community Health 2020;45(6):1270–1282. DOI: 10.1007/s10900-020-00920-x.

7. Gupta S, Hayek SS, Wang W, Chan L, Mathews KS, Melamed ML, et al. Factors associated with death in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in the US. JAMA Intern Med 2020;180(11):1–12. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3596.

8. Grasselli G, Greco M, Zanella A, Albano G, Antonelli M, Bellani G. Risk factors associated with mortality among patients with COVID-19 in intensive care units in Lombardy, Italy. JAMA Intern Med 2020;180(10):1345–1355. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3539.

9. Cummings MJ, Baldwin MR, Abrams D, Jacobson SD, Meyer BJ, Balough EM, et al. Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2020;395(10239):1763–1770. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31189-2.

10. Rivera-Izquierdo M, Del Carmen Valero-Ubierna M, R-delAmo JL, Fernández-García MÁ, Martínez-Diz S, Tahery-Mahmoud A, et al. Sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory factors on admission associated with COVID-19 mortality in hospitalized patients: a retrospective observational study. PLoS One 2020;15(6):e0235107. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235107.

11. Du RH, Liu LM, Yin W, Wang W, Guan LL, Yuan ML, et al. Hospitalization and critical care of 109 decedents with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2020;17(7):839–846. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202003-225OC.

12. Du Y, Tu L, Zhu P, Mu M, Wang R, Yang P, et al. Clinical features of 85 fatal cases of COVID-19 from Wuhan. A retrospective observational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020;201(11):1372–1379. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202003-0543OC.

13. Yang F, Shi S, Zhu J, Shi J, Dai K, Chen X. Analysis of 92 deceased patients with COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020;92(11):2511–2515. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25891.

14. Wang Y, Lu X, Li Y, Chen H, Chen T, Su N, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of 344 intensive care patients with COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020;201(11):1430–1434. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202003-0736LE.

15. Palmieri L, Vanacore N, Donfrancesco C, Lo Noce C, Canevelli M, Punzo O, et al. Clinical characteristics of hospitalized individuals dying with COVID-19 by age group in Italy. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020;75(9):1796–1800. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa146.

16. Biagi A, Rossi L, Malagoli A, Zanni A, Sticozzi C, Comastri G, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 320 deceased patients with COVID-19 in an Italian Province: a retrospective observational study. J Med Virol 2020;92(11):2718–2724. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26147.

17. Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonelli M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA 2020;323(16):1574–1581. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.5394.

18. Quah P, Li A, Phua J. Mortality rates of patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit: a systematic review of the emerging literature. Crit Care 2020;24(1):285. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03006-1.

19. Rajgor DD, Lee MH, Archuleta S, Bagdasarian N, Quek SC. The many estimates of the COVID-19 case fatality rate. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;20(7):776–777. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30244-9.

20. Pellaud C, Grandmaison G, Pham Huu Thien HP, Hoa Phong PH, Baumberger M, Carrel G, et al. Characteristics, comorbidities, 30-day outcome and in-hospital mortality of patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in a Swiss area – a retrospective cohort study. Swiss Med Wkly 2020;150:w20314. DOI: 10.4414/smw.2020.20314.

21. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World population ageing 2019 highlights; 2019. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2019-Highlights.pdf.

22. Singh AK, Gillies CL, Singh R, Singh A, Chudasama Y, Coles B, et al. Prevalence of co-morbidities and their association with mortality in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020;22(10):1915–1924. DOI: 10.1111/dom.14124.

23. Singh AK, Gupta R, Misra A. Comorbidities in COVID-19: outcomes in hypertensive cohort and controversies with renin angiotensin system blockers. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020;14(4):283–287. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.016.

24. Sun YJ, Feng YJ, Chen J, Li B, Luo ZC, Wang PX. Clinical features of fatalities in patients with COVID-19. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020;1–3. DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.235.

25. Liu S, Yao N, Qiu Y, He C. Predictive performance of SOFA and qSOFA for in-hospital mortality in severe novel coronavirus disease. Am J Emerg Med 2020;38(10):2074–2080. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.019.

26. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020;395(10229):1054–1062. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.

27. Martinez AC, Dewaswala N, Tuarez FR, Pino J, Chait R, Chen K, et al. Validation of SOFA score in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Chest 2020;158(4):A613. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.577.

28. Chen Y, Li T, Ye Y, Chen Y, Pan J. Impact of fundamental diseases on patients with COVID-19. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020:1–6. DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.139.

29. Ahmed AR, Ebad CA, Stoneman S, Satti MM, Conlon PJ. Kidney injury in COVID-19. World J Nephrol 2020;9(2):18. DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v9.i2.18.

30. Keeley P, Buchanan D, Carolan C, Pivodic L, Tavabie S, Noble S. Symptom burden and clinical profile of COVID-19 deaths: a rapid systematic review and evidence summary. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2020;10(4):381–384. DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002368.

31. Chang TH, Wu JL, Chang LY. Clinical characteristics and diagnostic challenges of pediatric COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Formos Med Assoc 2020;119(5):982–989. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.04.007.

32. Patel NA. Pediatric COVID-19: systematic review of the literature. Am J Otolaryngol 2020;41(5):102573. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102573.

33. Jeng MJ. Coronavirus disease 2019 in children: current status. J Chin Med Assoc 2020;83(6):527–533. DOI: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000323.

________________________
© The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and non-commercial reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.