EDITORIAL | https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24108 |
Doppler-estimated Carotid and Brachial Artery Flow as Surrogate for Cardiac Output: Needs Further Validation
1Department of Critical Care, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
2Department of Critical Care Medicine, Manipal Hospital, New Delhi, India
Corresponding Author: Velmurugan Selvam, Department of Critical Care, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, Phone: +91 9968859560, e-mail: dr.velsri86@gmail.com
How to cite this article: Selvam V, Srinivasan S. Doppler-estimated Carotid and Brachial Artery Flow as Surrogate for Cardiac Output: Needs Further Validation. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(2):159–160.
Source of support: Nil
Conflict of interest: None
Keywords: Brachial artery velocity time integral, Carotid artery velocity time integral, Fluid responsiveness, Left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral.
The main goal of fluid administration in critically ill patients is to increase the venous return and ultimately to improve cardiac output and oxygen delivery to the tissues There is also increasing knowledge recently regarding the risks of fluid overload and its impact on organ failure, especially lung. Volume overload has been associated with significant increase in mortality in sepsis1 and increases duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).2 Individualized strategy of fluid management in sepsis have shown to improve outcomes in several clinical trials.3,4 Fluid responsiveness (FR) should be assessed before volume expansion to avoid volume overload and its complications.
Recent evidence shows that various dynamic parameters such as pulse pressure variation (PPV), systolic pressure variation (SPV), and stroke volume variation (SVV) induced by cyclic positive pressure ventilation have a high and specificity for predicting FR compared to static markers.5,6 In recent years, modern intensive care has focused on less-invasive and noninvasive techniques with the avoidance of unnecessary invasive procedures such as arterial line cannulation which could contribute to patient morbidity.
Transthoracic echocardiography is a reliable and noninvasive method of assessment of FR. Measurement of left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral (LVOT-VTI), derived stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output reliably predicts FR in critically ill patients.7,8 However, there are some limitations of using echocardiography for predicting FR. The measurement of echocardiographic parameters depends on the patient’s echogenicity and various factors such as obesity, chest deformity, and patient positioning may affect proper echo window in critically ill patients.
Recently, ultrasound Doppler assessment of carotid artery velocity time integral (CAVTI), carotid artery (CA) blood flow, brachial artery velocity time integral (BAVTI), and brachial artery flow has been evaluated as an alternative to LVOT-VTI and cardiac output to predict FR, as measurement of carotid artery flow and brachial artery flow is easier, does not depend on adequate cardiac windows, and requires less skill and expertise. However, these parameters have not been evaluated in larger studies.
Carotid flow, CAVTI, and brachial flow as a surrogate of cardiac output to assess FR have been evaluated in some clinical trials, which showed mixed results. Pilot study by Weber et al.9,10 found poor correlation between both carotid blood flow and brachial blood flow and cardiac index in healthy volunteers and in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. Authors of the study concluded that Doppler-estimated carotid and peripheral arterial blood flows cannot be used to provide noninvasive estimates of cardiac index. Similarly, in a study by Chowhan et al.,11 which included 60 critically ill mechanically ventilated patients, found that following passive leg raise test (PLR), the correlation between ΔCAVTI and ΔLVOTVTI is weak in septic shock patients and only modest in sepsis patients and concluded that CAVTI cannot be reliably used as an estimate of CO to assess FR. Another human volunteer study by Sidor et al.12 found a positive correlation between carotid systolic flow and cardiac output, but the correlation between total carotid flow estimated by VTI and cardiac output was poor.
In the current study by Joshi et al.,13 authors studied the correlation and agreement between VTi and flow at carotid and brachial arteries (VTi_TAPCarotid, VTi_TAPbrachial, and VTi_flowBrachial and VTi_flowCarotid) and compared the ability of these parameters to predict FR in adults (>18 years) undergoing elective, supramajor abdominal oncosurgeries under general anesthesia. Fifty instances requiring fluid boluses from 27 patients were studied. A fluid bolus of 7 mL/kg Ringers Lactate was given over 30 min when clinically indicated. PPV was measured using Philips IntelliVue MP70 monitor. SVV, SV, and CI were recorded using the EV1000™ clinical platform. The Doppler measurements of carotid artery and brachial artery were carried out by a single investigator trained in critical care ultrasound. Patients were divided into two groups, responders and nonresponders, based on increase in stroke volume (SV) ≥15%. Authors found weak correlation between VTi_TAPCarotid and VTi_TAPBrachial (r2 = 0.143) and VTi_flowcarotid and VTi_flowbrachial (r2 = 0.0004). Also, the ability of VTi_TAPCarotid, VTi_TAPbrachial, VTi_flowBrachial, and VTi_flowCarotid to assess FR was poor with AUROC of around 0.5–0.55. Surprisingly, the ability of PPV and SVV to predict FR was also moderate with AUROC of 0.69 and 0.63, respectively, much less than previously documented in other studies.
The results of the study, however, should be interpreted with caution for the following reasons:
Responders and nonresponders were not determined using a standard technique. It is important to perform fluid challenge test properly to differentiate between responders and nonresponders and to maximize the predictability of FR test. In this study, authors had given 7 mL/kg of fluid over 30 min as fluid challenge, which is not ideal way of fluid challenge. Seven milliliter per kilogram of fluid (around 500 mL) can itself cause fluid overload in nonresponders and also this large volume of fluid may result in positive response even in nonresponders (false positive).
Duration of fluid challenge is important thing that can affect the results. Factors such as depth of anesthesia, patient positioning, pain, and blood loss during that 30 min duration could have influenced the results. Ideally, fluid challenge over 5–10 min duration during which other factors kept unchanged is recommended. Several others test such as passive leg raising test, mini fluid challenge (100 mL over 1 min), and end expiratory occlusion test have been shown to predict FR accurately and rapidly in several recent studies over a fluid challenge over 30 min duration.
Authors tried to find the correlation between VTi and flow at carotid and brachial arteries; however, both of them are not reliable substitute for the aortic VTI and not validated for assessing FR. Studies in healthy volunteers and cardiac surgical patients have shown a poor correlation between cardiac index and blood flow velocity in the carotid and peripheral sites.
The sample size is too small that can compromise the conclusions drawn from the study. Small sample size may prevent the findings from being extrapolated.
Current study found weak correlation between both VTI and flow measured at carotid and brachial arteries. Till date, the existing literature does not support carotid/brachial VTI and flow as a surrogate of aortic VTI/cardiac output to assess FR in critically ill patients and patients undergoing elective surgery. Further, larger studies with standard fluid responsive test are required to test predictability of carotid and brachial VTi and flow to assess FR.
ORCID
Velmurugan Selvam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9495-2293
Shrikanth Srinivasan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5336-3767
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