In the modern era, the relative ease and faster speed of travel have made the world a global village. An increasing number of people are traveling to distant and sometimes exotic locations for vacation/leisure or at times for business purposes. Along with the experiences of far-fetched lands, sometimes they bring bugs/organisms that are not native to their motherland. This makes the diagnosis and management of illnesses in a traveler challenging. In this review, we have tried to outline a management protocol for travelers returning with fever, with specific emphasis on trypanosomiasis and schistosomiasis.
Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R, von Sonnenburg F, et al. GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med 2006;354(2):119–130. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa051331 [Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2006;355(9):967]. PMID: 16407507.
Prakash JA, Abraham OC, Mathai E. Evaluation of tests for serological diagnosis of scrub typhus. Trop Doct 2006;36(4):212–213. DOI: 10.1258/004947506778604715. PMID: 17034691.
Guerrant R, Walker D, Weller P. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens and practice. 3rd ed. Elsevier Inc.; 2011.
Büscher P, Cecchi G, Jamonneau V, Priotto G. Human African trypanosomiasis. Lancet 2017;390(10110):2397–2409. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31510-6. PMID: 28673422.
Burri C, Chappuis F, Brun R. Human African trypanosomiasis. In: Farrar J, Hotez P, Junghanss T, Kang G, Lalloo D, White N, editors. Manson's tropical diseases. 23rd ed. Saunders Ltd; 2014. p. 606.
Frean J, Sieling W, Pahad H, Shoul E, Blumberg L. Clinical management of East African trypanosomiasis in South Africa: lessons learned. Int J Infect Dis 2018;75:101–108. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.08.012. PMID: 30153486.
Chappuis F, Loutan L, Simarro P, Lejon V, Büscher P. Options for field diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005;18(1):133–146. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.18.1.133-146.2005. PMID: 15653823; PMCID: PMC544181.
WHO interim guidelines for the treatment of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326178/9789241550567-eng.pdf?ua=1 [Accessed on March 26, 2021].
Nicolls DJ, Weld LH, Schwartz E, Reed C, von Sonnenburg F, Freedman DO, et al. GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Characteristics of schistosomiasis in travelers reported to the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network 1997–2008. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008;79(5):729–734. PMID: 18981513.
Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, Kestens L. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 2006;368(9541):1106–1118. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69440-3. PMID: 16997665.
Ross AG, Vickers D, Olds GR, Shah SM, McManus DP. Katayama syndrome. Lancet Infect Dis 2007;7(3):218–224. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70053-1. PMID: 17317603.
Blanchard TJ. Schistosomiasis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2004;2(1):5–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2004.02.011. PMID: 17291950.
Mutapi F, Maizels R, Fenwick A, Woolhouse M. Human schistosomiasis in the post mass drug administration era. Lancet Infect Dis 2017;17(2):e42–e48. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30475-3. PMID: 27988094.
