Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine

Register      Login

SEARCH WITHIN CONTENT

FIND ARTICLE

Volume / Issue

Online First

Archive
Related articles

VOLUME 27 , ISSUE 7 ( July, 2023 ) > List of Articles

Original Article

Status Epilepticus as a Presenting Feature in Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: Tertiary Care Center Experience

Pratibha Prasad

Keywords : Antenatal care, Autoimmune disorder, Eclampsia, Seizures, Status epilepticus

Citation Information : Prasad P. Status Epilepticus as a Presenting Feature in Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: Tertiary Care Center Experience. Indian J Crit Care Med 2023; 27 (7):488-492.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24492

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 30-06-2023

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2023; The Author(s).


Abstract

Background: Though epileptic seizures are common in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), status epilepticus (SE) as the presenting feature is rare. Objective: To study the clinical spectrum and outcome of patients with SE as presenting feature of PRES. Methods: This is a retrospective study. PRES was diagnosed based on the clinical features and imaging findings on brain MRI (n = 40) which became normal after 6 months follow-up imaging. Patients with SE as the initial manifestation of PRES were identified. Baseline information regarding the clinical presentation, etiology, past history of illness, treatment history, imaging findings, EEG and long-term clinical outcome. Result: Seizure was the most common presentation seen in 31 patients (77.5%). The etiologies in PRES were preeclampsia, or eclampsia [n = 33 (82.5%)], hypertensive encephalopathy [n = 3 (7.5%)], systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), AIP, and chronic renal failure (CRF) in one patient each [n = 01 (2.5%)]. Brain MRI showed the involvement of parieto-occipital lobes (n = 33 [82.5%]) mostly. Status epilepticus (generalized convulsive) was the presenting feature in eight cases (20%). Among them, five cases (0.5%) had a history of chronic epilepsy. In the remaining three patients, SLE and acute intermittent porphyria, CRF precipitated the SE. Conclusion: The study highlights the clinico-etiological spectrum of PRES and the identification of SE within its context leading to the early diagnosis and management if treated early. The role of antenatal care is important for the identification and treatment of etiologies, blood pressure, proper antiepileptic drug compliance and appropriate counseling.


HTML PDF Share
  1. Gokhale A, Kimona A, Kantor S, Prakash S, Manhas Y. Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in intensive care unit – Case series. Indian J Crit Care Med 2017;21:772–778. DOI: 10.4103/ijccm.IJCCM_235_17.
  2. Goyal G, Jeswani J. Study of clinicoradiological profile in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: An experience from North India. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(4):501–505. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24172.
  3. Hauser RA, Lacey DM, Knight MR. Hypertensive encephalopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstration of reversible cortical and white matter lesions. Arch Neurol 1988;45(10):1078–1083. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1988.00520340032007.
  4. Raroque HG, Orrison WW, Rosenberg GA. Neurologic involvement in toxemia of pregnancy: reversible MRI lesions. Neurology 1990;40(1):167–169. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.40.1.167.
  5. Bartynski WS, Boardman JF, Zeigler ZR, Shadduck RK, Lister J. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in infection, sepsis, and shock. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27(10):2179–2190. PMID: 17110690.
  6. Kur JK, Esdaile JM. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome —An underrecognized manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2006;33(11):2178–2183. PMID: 16960925.
  7. Bartynski WS, Boardman JF. Distinct imaging patterns and lesion distribution in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28(7):1320–1327. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A0549.
  8. Schwartz RB, Jones KM, Kalina P, Bajakian RL, Mantello MT, Garada B, et al. Hypertensive encephalopathy: findings on CT, MR imaging, and SPECT imaging in 14 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992;159(2):379–383. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.159.2.1632361.
  9. Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis, International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1993;34(4):592–596. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb00433.x.
  10. Kozak OS, Wijdicks EFM, Manno EM, Miley JT, Rabinstein AA. Status epilepticus as initial manifestation of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Neurology 2007;69(9):894–897. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000269780.45472.16.
  11. Santhosh NS, Sinha S, Satishchandra P. Epilepsy: Indian perspective. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2014;17(Suppl 1):S3–S11. DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.128643.
  12. Gourie-Devi M, Gururaj G, Satishchandra P, Subbakrishna DK. Prevalence of neurological disorders in Bangalore, India: A community-based study with a comparison between urban and rural areas. Neuroepidemiology 2004;23(6):261–268. DOI: 10.1159/000080090.
  13. Thomas SV. Managing epilepsy in pregnancy. Neurol India 2011;59(1):59–65. DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.76860.
  14. Fugate JE, Claassen DO, Cloft HJ, Kallmes DF, Kozak OS, Rabinstein AA. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: Associated clinical and radiologic findings. Mayo Clin Proc 2010;85(5):427–432. DOI: 10.4065/mcp.2009.0590.
  15. Vignatelli L, Tonon C, D'Alessandro R. Bologna Group for the Study of Status Epilepticus. Incidence and short-term prognosis of status epilepticus in adults in Bologna, Italy. Epilepsia. 2003;44(7):964–968. DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.63702.x.
  16. Brewer J, Owens MY, Wallace K, Reeves AA, Morris R, Khan M, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in 46 of 47 patients with eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208(6):468.e1–e6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.02.015.
  17. Bembalgi S, Kamate V, Shruthi KR. A study of eclampsia cases associated with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9(7):QC05–QC7. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/14039.6276.
  18. Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Jul;183(1):S1–S22. PMID: 10920346.
  19. Lindheimer MD, Taler SJ, Cunningham FG, American Society of Hypertension. ASH position paper: Hypertension in pregnancy. J Clin Hypertens Greenwich Conn 2009;11(4):214–225. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00085.x.
  20. Leroux G, Sellam J, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Le Thi Huong D, Combes A, Tieulié N, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome during systemic lupus erythematosus: four new cases and review of the literature. Lupus 2008;17(2):139–147. DOI: 10.1177/0961203307085405.
  21. Sarala Kumari D, Arumilli MN, Siva Kumar Reddy L, Reddy DN, Motor R. Acute intermittent porphyria presenting with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a rare cause of abdominal pain and seizures. Indian J Crit Care Med Peer-Rev Off Publ Indian Soc Crit Care Med 2020;24(8):724–726. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23532.
  22. Thomas SV, Syam U, Devi JS. Predictors of seizures during pregnancy in women with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2012;53:e85–e88. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03439.x.
  23. Meinardi H, Scott RA, Reis R, Sander JW. ILAE Commission on the Developing World. The treatment gap in epilepsy: The current situation and ways forward. Epilepsia 2001;42(1):136–149. DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2001.32800.x.
  24. Scott RA, Lhatoo SD, Sander JW. The treatment of epilepsy in developing countries: Where do we go from here? Bull World Health Organ 2001;79(4):344–351. PMID: 11357214.
  25. Bartynski WS. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 1: fundamental imaging and clinical features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29(6):1036–1042. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A0928.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.