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VOLUME 22 , ISSUE 11 ( 2018 ) > List of Articles

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Lung ultrasound and blood gas-based classification of critically ill patients with dyspnea: A pathophysiologic approach

Jai Sharma, Vandana Pandey

Keywords : A-lines, arterial blood gas analysis, B-lines, lung ultrasound

Citation Information : Sharma J, Pandey V. Lung ultrasound and blood gas-based classification of critically ill patients with dyspnea: A pathophysiologic approach. Indian J Crit Care Med 2018; 22 (11):789-796.

DOI: 10.4103/ijccm.IJCCM_338_18

License: CC BY-ND 3.0

Published Online: 01-12-2017

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2018; The Author(s).


Abstract

Introduction: The objective of this study was to classify dyspneic patients and to evaluate outcome variables on the basis of lung ultrasound (LUS) and arterial blood gas (ABG) findings. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart-based review in which we included patients with dyspnea admitted to our intensive care unit (ICU) between March 2015 and August 2016. On the basis of LUS (presence of A-lines/B-lines) and ABG (hypoxia/hypercarbia), patients were classified into six groups: (i) metabolic defect (dry lung, no hypoxia); (ii) perfusion defect (dry lung, hypoxia); (iii) ventilation defect (dry lung, hypoxia, and hypercarbia); (iv) ventilation and alveolar defect (wet lung, hypoxia, and hypercarbia); (v) alveolar defect-consolidation ([wet lung] hypoxia, no echocardiographic [ECG] abnormality); (vi) alveolar defect-pulmonary edema (wet lung [usually bilateral], hypoxia, ECG abnormality). The patient's demographic data, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, need for intubation, vasopressors, form of mechanical ventilation, ICU outcome, and length of stay were noted. Results: A total of 244 out of 435 patients were eligible for inclusion in the study. The median age was 56 years. 132 patients (54.1%) required mechanical ventilation, and median SOFA score was 7. Noninvasive ventilation was required in 87.5% of patients with ventilation defect as compared to 9.2% with alveolar defect-consolidation (P < 0.0001). We had 21.7% mortality in patients with alveolar defect-consolidation, 10.8% mortality in patients with metabolic defect, and 8.7% mortality in patients with alveolar defect-pulmonary edema (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: This classification gives an organized approach in managing patients with dyspnea. It predicts that patients with alveolar defect-consolidation are most sick of all the groups and need immediate intervention.


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